In Kohlberg's theory, what is the sixth and highest stage characterized by?

• A. Obedience to authority
• B. Social conformity
• C. Universal ethical principles
• D. Reward and punishment

Answer: (C)

At the highest level of moral reasoning, decisions are guided by universal ethical principles that individuals have internalized as part of their own conscience. People at this stage act according to abstract ideas like justice, human rights, and the intrinsic dignity of all people, even when those principles conflict with laws or social expectations. This means their choices come from a self-chosen code of ethics rather than from fear of punishment, desire for approval, or anticipation of rewards. Obeying authority, conforming to social norms, or chasing rewards are characteristic of earlier stages where external factors drive moral judgment. Therefore, universal ethical principles best capture this ultimate stage.