Maslow's hierarchy of needs proposes that people must satisfy lower-level needs before achieving personal growth and self-actualization.

• A. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
• B. Drive Reduction Theory
• C. Expectancy Theory
• D. Self-Determination Theory

Answer: (A)

People are motivated by a progression of needs from basic to higher levels. Physiological needs like food and shelter form the base; once those are satisfied, safety needs become important, followed by love and belonging, then esteem, and finally self-actualization. This explains why personal growth and realizing one’s potential are seen as possible only after more basic needs are met. The other theories describe different mechanisms: Drive Reduction Theory centers on reducing internal drives to maintain balance rather than climbing a hierarchy toward growth. Expectancy Theory focuses on beliefs about effort, performance, and outcomes, not on a universal ladder of needs. Self-Determination Theory emphasizes autonomy, competence, and relatedness as essential motivators, without a strict order of needs along a single hierarchy.